开源许可证选择与法律风险规避#

给开源项目选许可证是门学问。想完全开放，让别人随便用，但又怕承担法律责任。这篇对比一下常见的”类公有领域”许可证。

三种许可证对比#

许可证	核心机制	免责声明	专利授权	推荐度
0BSD	直接无条件授权	有（标准且严谨）	隐含	极力推荐
Unlicense	宣告放弃版权进入公有领域	有	未明确	可用但有瑕疵
CC0	放弃版权（带退回授权）	有	明确不包含	不推荐用于代码

0BSD (Zero-Clause BSD)#

Unlicense#

初衷是将代码释放到公有领域，但”公有领域”是个地区性法律概念。在德国等大陆法系国家，创作者无法完全放弃版权，这种宣告可能无效。虽然也有免责声明，但法律文本的严谨性不如 0BSD。

CC0#

Creative Commons Zero 采用”双保险”机制：先尝试放入公有领域，如果当地法律不允许则退回到最宽松授权。但 CC0 明确声明不提供专利授权，OSI 不建议将其用于软件代码，更适合数据集、文档或媒体资产。

其他类似许可证#

MIT-0：和 0BSD 非常类似，保留了 MIT 的核心授权和免责声明，但删除了强制附带许可证文本的要求。非常优秀的现代替代方案。
WTFPL：极简许可证，名气大但极不推荐，因为缺乏免责声明，无法提供法律保护。

0BSD 许可证文本#

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Copyright (c) [年份] [作者名]
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Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
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purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
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WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
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ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
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OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

MIT-0 许可证文本#

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MIT No Attribution
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Copyright (c) [年份] [作者名]
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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
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to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
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copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
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furnished to do so.
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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SOFTWARE.